English Pdf __full__ | Al-milal Wa Al-nihal

He organized beliefs based on their theological foundations rather than just geographical locations, a method that predates modern comparative religion by centuries.

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(The Book of Sects and Creeds) is a foundational text in the history of religions and Islamic theology. Written by the Persian scholar Muhammad al-Shahrastani (d. 1153 CE) around 1127–1128, it is often cited as the first systematic and non-polemical study of global religions.

Al-Shahrastani’s work is uniquely structured into two main parts:

Unlike many medieval works that sought to "refute" other faiths, al-Shahrastani aimed to describe them as they were understood by their own adherents.