Neo-banks and digital-first financial services act as "challenger banks," forcing traditional institutions to lower fees and improve digital skills [29].
Beyond cinema and commerce, the concept of "Grand Challengers" refers to individuals or groups tackling systemic societal issues. Challengers
In advanced democracies, political challengers may intentionally violate established norms to damage the standing of "norm defenders" (incumbents). By reframing sanctions as "excessive retaliation," they can effectively erode democratic standards from a position of institutional weakness [9, 25]. By reframing sanctions as "excessive retaliation," they can
In 2024, the term " Challengers " became synonymous with the critically acclaimed film starring Zendaya, Mike Faist, and Josh O'Connor. Directed by Luca Guadagnino and written by Justin Kuritzkes [17, 37], the movie centers on a complex love triangle involving three tennis players whose lives are inextricably linked by competition and desire. By reframing sanctions as "excessive retaliation